Where Are Solar Panels Placed

Where Are Solar Panels Placed – Figure 1. The orientation of a solar panel is important to maximize its energy output. Some solar panels follow the sun, while others, like the one above, are fixed at their angle.

The placement and orientation of the solar panels is as important as the type of solar panel used in a given situation. A solar panel uses more energy when the sun’s rays strike the surface vertically.

Where Are Solar Panels Placed

Making sure the solar panels are facing the right direction and have the right angle will help them produce maximum energy as they are exposed to the highest intensity of sunlight for the longest time.

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Some solar arrays use solar tracking systems to track the sun, which greatly increases energy production. The following sections refer only to “static” or uncontrolled systems.

A general rule of thumb for installing solar panels in the Northern Hemisphere is that the solar panels should face true south (in the south, true north). This is usually the best orientation, as the solar panels will receive direct sunlight during the day. However, there is a difference between a magnetic wing and a true wing that must be considered. Magnetic south is the “wing” referred to when using a compass, and this south refers to the Earth’s magnetic south pole. However, solar panels must face the sun or geographic south, which is the direction towards the South Pole.

Likewise, if a solar panel is located in the southern hemisphere, the panel should face true north.

Considering how the solar panels are used, a slight south rotation is beneficial. For example, according to practice, solar panels used for a house should face slightly southwest. These panels collect more energy facing south, but are more efficient if the energy enters later. This change allows the solar panels to produce more electricity when needed. By pointing the panels slightly southwest, in the direction of the sun’s access, the panels produce more energy in the evening when people are at home and use more appliances. General curtailment of generation is available when electricity is most needed. In most areas, there is sufficient electricity from other sources in the morning and evening.

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When solar collectors are used primarily for heating and lighting, especially in the form of fenestrations such as windows, it is best to face these collectors slightly to the east. Heating the house during the day means that sunlight is needed most in the morning.

The angle or tilt of the solar panel is also an important consideration. The angle at which a solar panel should be placed to produce the most energy in a given year is determined by latitude. A general rule of thumb for optimal annual energy production is to set the tilt angle of the solar panel equal to the geographic latitude.

. In fact, since the solar panel is closer to the equator, the panel must point upwards. Since the panel is closer to the poles, it must tilt toward the equator.

The angle of the solar panels can also affect the energy output due to climate and environmental factors. In northern climates, snow accumulation on low-slope panels can reduce or completely block sunlight from reaching the solar panel during the winter months. Although this effect varies from location to location, a study in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada concluded that the annual energy loss from snow accumulation is up to 1.6% of the optimal deviation (53).

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In addition, tilted solar panels are more prone to “fouling” from dirt and debris, which can partially block the sun’s rays.

Reed Smith’s Matthew Gorman and Miriam Bandera say that land-limited Singapore’s rooftops offer the most ideal location for solar panel production, but there are many obstacles to widespread deployment.

SINGAPORE: Rising fuel prices and other living costs remind us of our dependence on oil and gas, making the transition to renewable energy even more urgent.

However, the Singaporean authorities believe they can overcome this. An Energy 2050 panel report released in March by the Energy Market Authority (EMA) concluded that it is “technically feasible” for Singapore’s energy sector to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.

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One strategy identified is the use of energy storage systems to increase solar deployment and manage solar range.

Today, solar energy from photovoltaic (PV) systems is the most reliable renewable energy source available in Singapore. It is one of EMA’s “four keys” to Singapore’s decarbonisation; others include natural gas, regional electricity grids and low-carbon alternatives.

However, despite its recognized potential, some say solar power will play a limited role in the country’s journey to net zero. In a 2020 report, the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) estimated that Singapore could tap 8.6 gigawatt-peak (GWp) of solar power by 2050, about 10 percent of the country’s projected electricity demand by then.

If solar power alone can supply 10 percent of Singapore’s electricity needs by 2050 in the best case scenario, why put so much effort into developing the sector?

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It is important to remember that other renewable energies such as wind, tidal and hydropower are not favored in Singapore. In this context, extracting every ounce of energy from sunlight becomes a very important aspect of Singapore’s net zero goal.

Volatility is a major obstacle to solar becoming a major energy source in Singapore. Solar PV panels cannot produce electricity at night, and even during the day, the availability of sunlight varies due to the frequent changes in cloud cover in Singapore.

Solar energy storage technologies must be deployed and used uniformly to make electricity work in the dark. While batteries are used to store solar energy in the home, the real challenge lies in building efficient and reliable utility-scale assets that can handle storage across the entire electrical grid.

The good news is that these solutions exist and are being implemented. Installations of utility-scale battery energy storage systems in the US will grow 196 percent by 2021, according to statistics from the trade organization American Clean Energy Association.

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Closer to home, Singapore launched its first utility-scale energy storage system in October 2020, capable of powering more than 200 four-room HDB units in a single day.

The organization not only participates in the wholesale electricity market, but also provides information on the performance of energy storage systems in heat and humidity and contributes to the development of technical guidelines.

Covering an area of ​​45 hectares – roughly the size of 45 football fields – the Sempcorp Tenge Floating Solar Farm has 122,000 solar panels that will last for 25 years. (Photo: CNA/Matthew Mohan)

Singapore’s growing solar landscape can be compared to its ongoing efforts to become self-sufficient in its water supply. It’s not that there isn’t enough rain to meet our needs, it’s that the infrastructure for capturing, storing, distributing and recycling rain is working to its full capacity. Public education and technology should aim to reduce waste.

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A second barrier to significantly increasing solar power in Singapore is space. Singapore is a heavily built-up city facing many competing demands for land.

According to the EMA, as of March 2021, there are 4,585 grid-connected solar PV installations in Singapore. Their total capacity is around 443 megawatt peak (MWp), of which the private sector accounts for the majority (53%), followed by municipalities and local units (38%).

There are other technologies to improve the small footprint of solar panels in Singapore. These include mobile solar PV systems, which can be temporarily deployed on vacant land and moved as needed, and building-integrated PV, where solar panels are attached to the facade of a building.

While most of these installations are on rooftops, floating solar PV installations can have a significant impact on solar PV capacity. Commissioned in July 2021, the 60MW plant at Tenge Reservoir will power 16,000 four-room HDB flats and reduce emissions equivalent to taking 7,000 cars off the road. Other floating projects are ready.

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But rooftops still provide a very suitable location for large-scale sales. According to the 2020 SERIS report, the usable area for rooftop solar deployment in Singapore is about 13.2 km².

In contrast, the area of ​​domestic PV, mobile/land-based PV and floating PV buildings is limited to 9.8 km², 5.0 km² and 4.6 km², respectively.

Installing solar panels on existing roofs and facades is the next best option to increase solar PV expansion in Singapore. Buildings can install enough photovoltaic panels and a localized energy storage system to provide 24/7 electricity to the building’s occupants, while also saving on utility costs.

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